![]() ![]() You can copy them with the following command: cp prometheus-2.36.2.linux-amd64/prometheus /usr/local/bin/Ĭp prometheus-2.36.2.linux-amd64/promtool /usr/local/bin/ Next, you will need to copy the Prometheus binary from the extracted source to the system directory. Once the download is completed, extract the downloaded file with the following command: tar -xvzf prometheus-2.36.2. Step 3 – Configure Prometheus Next, download the latest stable version of Prometheus using the following command: wget Next, create a directory for Prometheus with the following command: mkdir /var/lib/prometheus You can create it using the following command: adduser -M -r -s /sbin/nologin prometheus dnf update -y Step 2 – Download Prometheusīefore starting, you will need to create a dedicated user for Prometheus. Once you are logged in to your server, run the following command to update your base system with the latest available packages. Connect to your Cloud Server via SSH and log in using the credentials highlighted at the top of the page. Create a new server, choosing Oracle Linux 8 as the operating system with at least 2GB RAM. Step 1 – Create Atlantic.Net Cloud Serverįirst, log in to your Atlantic.Net Cloud Server. A root password configured on your server.A server running Oracle Linux 8 on the Atlantic.Net Cloud Platform.In this post, we will show you how to install Prometheus on Oracle Linux 8. It uses Grafana to visualize data for monitoring and analysis. It is written in the Go language and uses HTTP pulls to gather metrics from remote hosts and applications. It has gained in popularity and has been adopted by many organizations to monitor their infrastructure metrics. It gathers, organizes, and stores metrics in a time-series database. Prometheus is a free and open-source monitoring application used for event monitoring and alerting.
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8/29/2023 0 Comments Plex open subtitles![]() Once you know how to scrape the files for a new video, the rest will be a breeze. How to Add Subtitles To Existing Videos in Plex You can turn the subtitles on or off while you watch the episode. When you add new content to Plex, it’ll automatically connect with to download any available subtitles. Your Plex server is set up to scrape when adding new content to your library. Some additional sites to get captions from are:įirst, you’ll need to create an account at if you don’t have one already.įinally, click the gear icon to enter your account information and click Save when complete. ![]() So if you don’t find what you’re looking for, find another site that might. However, Plex will work with any subtitle file with extensions. These instructions are for, the best and most up-to-date site available. There is a chance that they won’t have what you’re looking for, but they are a great place to start your search. They have captions for thousands and movies and TV shows. One of the best places to get free subtitle tracks is. When adding content to your Plex server, you can get third-party subtitles that Plex can simultaneously scrape while adding new content. How to Automatically Download Subtitles for Plex Content Whether subtitles are integrated into your video file or in a separate file, Plex can take your video file and your subtitle track and assemble them for you. ![]() However, your video files may not include subtitles, so you must search them out separately. Many people never think about the subtitle track of a video file until they need it, so it’s good to have subtitles available for all your content.
8/29/2023 0 Comments Bill compton cardboard cutout![]() ![]() Our current position remains a solid one heading into the final election before the Census and the next round of Congressional and legislative redistricting.īy Matt Compton, November 2nd, 2009 4:30 PM EST ![]() The NJ Democratic Assembly Caucus did nearly everything right in this year’s election, and the advantages they banked during the summer allowed them to offset the Republican climate in the state last night.Īcross the country, Democrats still hold 60 legislative chambers and control 55 percent of the nation’s partisan legislative seats. ![]() The only seat that now appears to have changed hands was left open by retirement in District 4. Last night, the Democratic Caucus protected all of its incumbents, ultimately holding 47 of 48 seats. That in turn allowed them to counter a bad set of national trends and a strong statewide campaign from GOP gubernatorial candidate Chris Christie. In the weeks before Election Day, New Jersey Democrats built up formidable advantages in fundraising, candidate quality, and organization. The Democratic Assembly Caucus met that challenge head-on. Headed into Tuesday, Democrats held a solid majority, but Republicans had been talking about mounting a serious effort to cut into that margin, if not win the eight seats they would need to tie the chamber. In a night when state Democrats were looking for good news, the New Jersey Assembly offered a sharp counterpoint to elections elsewhere. Their victories helped to offset losses in other parts of the state. In Virginia, buoyed by a set of strong statewide candidates and a national climate that put history on their side, Republicans last night added to their margins in the House of Delegates.īut the GOP believed that this election might help them wipe out all the Democratic gains of the past six years, and it did not.ĭemocrats in the state were able to knock off two vulnerable Republicans, electing Luke Torian and Robin Abbott to the caucus. As the polls closed, Republicans and Democrats each held a majority they needed to protect, and today, the status quo remains the same. Last night’s legislative elections offered few surprises. That’s leadership we as Democrats can be proud of.īy Matt Compton, November 4th, 2009 3:06 PM EST Of course, from the floor, she’s been a champion for major increases in college aid and pay for veterans, upping the minimum wage, climate change, and now, health care. She’s raised $155 million for the DCCC since 2002 and helped to orchestrate the new Democratic majority in Congress. That’s a shame, because in terms of accomplishment, it’s hard to imagine how she as Speaker could be more effective. When she isn’t being threatened by conservatives, Pelosi often escapes national attention altogether. Just type the phrase, “Why is Harry Reid” into Google - you get no suggested completion to your query at all. Harry Reid, for instance, is the victim of similar approval ratings, but his enemies don’t attack him with the same sort of vitriol. Nancy Pelosi is occasionally called the most hated woman in America, but it’s hard to escape the conclusion that much of that hatred seems to stem from the fact that she is a woman. “That language is something I haven’t even heard in decades.” They really don’t understand how inappropriate that is,” Pelosi shot back, smirking a little and trailing a hand in the air. Hey, is that Sean Penn over there?” She’s a high-handed lady who needs to be “put … in her place,” as the National Republican Congressional Committee said when she questioned General McChrystal’s advice on Afghanistan. You know, on health care, energy reform, and the economy. “By the way, I put poison in your-no, I look forward to all the policy discussions we’re supposed to have. To conservatives, she’s the devil: “Mussolini in a skirt,” “Nancy Botox,” a “domestic enemy of the Constitution.” In August, when she and Majority Leader Steny Hoyer wrote a USA Today editorial calling town-hall shouters “un-American” for stifling national debate, a radio host said he’d like to punch her in the face Joe the Plumber wanted to “beat the living tar” out of her and Glenn Beck brought out a cardboard cutout of her likeness, then pretended to drink wine alongside it: “I wanted to thank you for having me over here in wine country,” he cackled. This is a point highlighted in a new profile of the Speaker in New York Magazine: When you type the words, “Why is Nancy Pelosi” into Google, the search engine offers to complete your question with three popular queries:Įvery national politicians has his or her share of critics, but Nancy Pelosi seems to inspire a special kind of agitation from her detractors. By Matt Compton, November 6th, 2009 9:48 AM EST 8/28/2023 0 Comments Iflash app for iphone![]() The only downside of the Vansuny flash drive is that its max storage capacity is 128 GB. And it comes with fingerprint and facial recognition for added security. Like many other flash drives, the Vansuny also comes with an app that lets you sync your files safely. It has an ergonomic slider that quickly pulls out the plug when you need to use it. The Lightning port on the Vansuny flash drive is retractable to prevent damage when not in use. ![]() It’s perfect for transferring files from Android to iPhone or iPad and vice versa. But it also comes with an attachable USB-C plug. The Vansuny flash drive has a standard lighting cable for your iPhone. It has all the necessary features to transfer files from your phone to your computer. But of course, this storage device isn’t just about looks. Vansuny is a sleek flash drive with brushed aluminum that gives it a premium feel. Its Luv Share App lets you back up your files with a single tap on your phone. It also features fingerprint recognition to ensure your files are safe. The kit comes with a micro USB as well.Īs for data security, Starrluk has password protection. And if you have an older phone, don’t worry. You can switch them out depending on your device. It comes with detachable USB-C and Lightning ports. It’s also compatible with Android smartphones. Starrluk also isn’t only a flash drive for iPhone. It’s the best option if you have an iPhone like the iPhone 13 Pro Max, which also has 1 TB of storage. That’s way more than any flash drive on this list offers. Let’s look at the few advantages it has with competing storage devices.įirst, Starrluk comes with 1 TB of storage. But it’s also one of the options with the most features. Sttarluk is one of the more affordable flash drives on this list. That’s convenient, especially if you’re in a location with no internet connection. It lets you access your files at any time without connecting to Wi-Fi. The PNY DUO LINK comes with the PNY DUO LINK 4 app that features automatic backup. It features a USB plug that makes it compatible with most computers. This lets you transfer files quickly and doubles as a charger for your iPhone or iPad Mini. Unlike flash drives with a solid body, this device has a short flexible cable. It also doubles as a connecting cable to your computer. What makes the DUO LINK different? It’s more than a flash drive for iPhone. But for smartphone photos and videos, even 32 GB is more than enough, in our opinion. The storage space options are a bit lower than the Sandisk iXpand. It can store 32, 64, and 128 GB of files. The DUO LINK is the best iPhone flash drive that PNY offers. They have everything from solid-state drives to, you guessed it, several iPhone flash drive options. It has produced high-quality storage devices for decades. Like Sandisk, PNY is another excellent brand. It also features password protection to ensure nobody else can access your files. It sends your files to the Cloud via the iXpand Drive app. This SanDisk iPhone USB drive has automatic backup. Of course, it comes with a USB-C connector if you need to transfer those files quickly to your computer. So you don’t have to worry about filling up your memory while shooting footage. It lets you record video straight to the flash drive. If you’re a smartphone filmmaker, you can use the iXpand as an iPhone external storage. But if you have a lot of files to transfer, you can always get the 128 or 256 GB options. 64 GB is enough to store all the files from a single iPhone. This iPhone flash drive comes in 64, 128, and 256 GB storage. So if you want a reliable flash drive for your iPhone, the SanDisk iXpand is your best choice. iPhone users know it for its quality products. SanDisk has been around longer than most brands selling flash drives. So you can be certain that using it will be safe for your files and smartphone. MFI stands for “Made For iPhone, iPod, and iPad.” That means Apple approved this flash drive for use on their devices. There are many iPhone flash units out there with questionable quality. Just plug in the iDiskk and you’re ready to transfer! With the iDiskk, you wouldn’t even need the other phone to move all your photos and videos. You either need to connect two devices using a cable or via Wi-Fi. Typically, moving data can be frustrating. The iDiskk is most helpful if you want to transfer files from an iOS device to an Android or vice versa. Finally, it has a USB 3.0 port you can plug into your computer. But it also features a micro USB for older Android smartphones and cameras and USB-C for newer devices. Of course, it includes the iPhone USB Lightning port. And it’s compatible with Android phones as well. If you buy a product through one of our referral links we will earn a commission (without costing you anything).įor us, the iDiskk photo stick is the ultimate Lightning flash drive for iPhone. 8/28/2023 0 Comments White pages people finder![]() If you wanted a more accurate result you could pick an area of Leeds and see if that helps. They would be presented by A Browns through to Z Browns. So, if you did a search for Brown in Leeds you would get lots of matches. The searches will come back with any matches. Registered users get 20 free searches per day.Ī phone number is something you need to be able to get in touch with people you are looking for.Ī white pages search is basically a detailed search of a surname in a particular area. Searching is free, but you will need to register to see the full amazing details. 192.comĪ good paid for service that provides more information is 192.com – This search allows you to search UK “phonebook” records to find addresses and phone numbers. Find phone numbers listed by name with our easy to use online telephone directory service. There is also UK phone book – From the UK’s leading people search and address finder specialist, locate precise and accurate information on millions of UK residential and business addresses. We’ll find you businesses and people to connect with. As they say – We’re not a search engine, we’re a find engine. ![]() Quite how comfortable everyone feels about having their personal information so easily available is another thing, although that never seems to put people off using Facebook either.If you would like examples then BT.com is still the best example of a White Pages system in the UK. A reverse address lookup can help you find people again and make sure that the address connected with that person is still correct. It is a useful tool, and much like more general searches on the web and using social media outlets, Whitepages serves a purpose. Whitepages leaves us with mixed feelings. Thankfully, Whitepages now takes on this issue by offering individuals the option of removing themselves from the company database, or correcting or updating information where that might be necessary. Of course, with its data coming from a variety of sources, including the likes of phone companies and public records the tradeoff is always about how much privacy people could and should expect. Whitepages continues to provide a range of useful services, and has an awful lot of data in order to back up its improved online experience and associated apps. There’s also an option to submit a request if you need to ask a more complex questions not covered in the knowledge base, or have a query about your account, billing procedures and so on. ![]() That contains a knowledge base containing FAQs, Premium-focused help and assistance for customers using the Whitepages service on mobile devices. If you get to the point where you need some assistance using this online service, Whitepages has the favored online Help Center to start with. Whitepages is easy enough to use but there's help at hand should you need it (Image credit: Whitepages) Support While Whitepages is useful for helping to connect people with each other, it’s also got other practical tools, such as its Reverse Phone Lookup for checking who’s calling you, plus app editions that offer a quick and efficient way of getting smaller chunks of information quickly if you’re on the move. Meanwhile, Whitepages Tenant Check for landlords provides a source of FCRA-compliant background reports that can reveal important details on credit, eviction and a prospective tenant’s criminal history. This can include public records and criminal history details. The former service lets people and businesses find, vet and verify people, can supply their phone numbers and addresses along with revealing contact and background information. Whitepages Premium is aimed at individuals and small business owners while Whitepages Tenant Check is more for landlords. Whitepages has grown its set of features so that it now proves useful for a variety of tasks including finding a person, looking up an address and/or a phone number, screening a tenant, getting a background check and finding a business. Using the quick lookup options on the Whitepages app is handy when you're on the go (Image credit: Whitepages) Features Sadly, there are also notable games leaving the subscription, like Resident Evil 7, so if you're one of those who haven't yet finished it as well as the other games that are leaving the subscription at the end of the month, now would be a good time to start.įeatured image courtesy of Xbox Game Pass. (Picture: Capcom)Īs with every month, May 2022 has a diverse lineup of Xbox Game Pass titles.
8/28/2023 0 Comments Difference of raster and vector![]() Raster data must be spatially referenced in order to be used in GIS. Spatial referencing is another important characteristic of raster data. Binary data is used to represent presence or absence, such as in land cover classifications. Integer data represents whole numbers, while float data represents decimal numbers. Raster data can come in a variety of data types, including integer, float, and binary. ![]() This can make working with raster data computationally intensive, as it requires a large amount of processing power and memory. Raster data can contain a large amount of data, especially if the spatial resolution is high. Data VolumeĪnother characteristic of raster data is its data volume. High spatial resolution data is useful for analyzing small areas or features, while low spatial resolution data is better for analyzing larger areas. The smaller the cell size, the higher the spatial resolution. Spatial resolution refers to the size of the cells in the grid. One of the most important characteristics of raster data is spatial resolution. ![]() Now that we know what raster data is, let’s explore the characteristics of raster data that make it unique and important in GIS. Difficult in a representation of Topology connections.Insufficient projection transformation.Loss of information when using large cells.Network analysis is difficult to perform.Dataset can be large, storage space can be a problem.A powerful format for statistical and spatial analysis.Each cell of a raster, stores a single value and it can be extended by using raster bands to represent RGB (red, green, blue) colors. In Raster, data is represented as a grid of (usually square) cells. Raster data can be images (raster images) with each pixel containing a color value. Raster data type consists of rows and columns of cells and these each cells stores a single value. Digital Photography is the best example of raster data type model, anyone who is familiar with digital photography can recognize the pixels as the smallest individual unit of an image, where each pixel value in the image corresponds to a particular color and the combination of these pixels will create an image.Īs of now, the best example of raster data that is commonly used is Aerial photos, with only one purpose, to display a detailed image on a map or for the purposes of digitization. What are some applications of raster and vector data models?Ī raster data type is made up of pixel or cells and each pixel has an associated value.What is the difference between raster and vector data models?.FAQs: Understanding Raster and Vector Data Model In GIS.Raster vs Vector In GIS Comparison Chart:.Differences between Raster Data Model and Vector Data Model.Raster images that are traced might not retain as much fine detail as the original image, so it's always best to use a vector image when possible. Images that are raster will have to be traced and converted to vector before we can use it, and images that are already vector just have to be converted to only black and white before we can use it. Text is vector by default, so unless it's converted to raster we are able to use it without have to recreate it. ![]() Whichever one is being made it needs to be vector, or converted into vector before we're able to make it into a stamp. Text stamps are rubber stamps made up of only words, while custom design stamps would include anything else such as: logos, handwriting, etc. Well there are 2 different types of stamps that are made, text stamps and custom design stamps. What do these different image types have to do with rubber stamps? They can also be manipulated easily because they are typically made up of different line all of which can be changed individually. Unlike raster images, vector images are made up of lines, theses lines can be enlarged to any size without loosing quality. Vector images are less commonly used outside of certain industries, they are typically saved as PDF, EPS, SVG, AI, etc. Raster images are also flat and one solid piece, meaning if you try to manipulate the image you change the entire thing instead of just one piece. Because these images are a certain amount of pixels it's impossible to enlarge them beyond that without losing quality. Raster images are made up of pixels, when these images are enlarged these pixels grow which is what causes images to look low quality or pixelated. A raster image includes file formats like JPG, PNG, TIFF, GIF, etc. Raster is an image type and it's the one most people are familiar with because it's the most common type. I have no idea what they were until I got into the print industry and started setting up peoples art. You might see the terms "vector" and "raster" but unless you're in graphic design, the print industry, or something similar you probably don't know what they mean. 8/28/2023 0 Comments Cam newton jersey at walmart![]() Honor the 2015 NFL MVP and three-time Pro Bowler’s earlier years in the league as well when you shop Cam Newton Carolina Panthers gear from Fanatics! Here you’ll find Cam Newton Panthers jerseys, t-shirts, player figurines and more, so you can always look back fondly at that stage of his career. And don’t forget to add some accessories to your look, including Cam Newton Panthers socks, collectibles and more. Fanatics has all the apparel you need, including Cam Newton Panthers t-shirts that will help you stand out on game day. /rebates/2fip2fNFL-Jerseys-Jersey-Carolina-Panthers-MEN-Football-Cam-Newton-Christian-McCaffrey-nfl2f1559579587&. Celebrate the star QB when you shop official Cam Newton jerseys from Fanatics! Here you’ll find a new Cam Newton Panthers jersey bearing his iconic #1 for yourself, or as a gift for a fellow fan. right behind.He's returned to the city that drafted him, and Panthers fans can celebrate his triumphant return with Cam Newton Panthers jerseys from Fanatics. ![]() Fifteen years later, and Cam firmly holds that torch as 'best dressed', with Odell Beckham Jr. Personalized Stemless Etched Glass Tumbler. nfl jerseys Target / Clothing, Shoes & Accessories / nfl jerseys (471) How are you shopping today Pickup In-store pickup, ready within 2 hours Same Day Delivery Scheduled contactless delivery as soon as today Shipping Free with RedCard or 35 orders Exclusions Apply. Men's fashion was greatly impacted by the rule change, as NBA players soon became the posterboys for men's fashion among American athletes. Cam Newton New England Patriots Nike Womens Game Jersey - Navy. One of the most landmark moments in modern fashion history was former NBA commissioner David Stern implementing a league-wide NBA dress code before the 2005 season requiring players dress in 'business or conservative attire'. Newton is a former MVP who played against Peyton Manning in the Super Bowl in 2015, but his name has become synonymous with colorful clothing and glitzy jewelry, in an era where men’s fashion and major athletics have closely partnered together. The 6’6”, 250-pound Newton is one of the most physically imposing players in league history, and was definitely popping out of his suspenders showing off the bulbous biceps. ![]() Finished with crisp New England Patriots graphics, this classic Cam Newton jersey. Walmart jobs in Newton, NJ Sort by: relevance - date 22 jobs NEWTON WALMART OVERNIGHT STOCKING TEAM ASSOCIATE Walmart Newton, NJ 07860 From 18. Inspired by the gear that Cam Newton wears on the field, this lightweight, comfortable replica jersey features the team graphics in bold colors on the front and back. The shopper was able to get some pretty good shots of Newton, who was wearing white suspenders with no sleeves, a gold head scarf, with a black felt brim hat, glasses, and more importantly, holding a purse. This Nike jersey features Dri-FIT technology to keep you dry and comfortable. Let your child feel like part of the team with this NFL Carolina Panthers Jersey. Cam Newton might go down as one of the most notorious fashion icons in sports history, but it’s safe to say Newton’s fame was teetering on infamy Wednesday July 25th, as TMZ obtained some snooping photos from a Walmart customer that spotted the Carolina Panthers quarterback getting some shopping in the canned foods aisle. You can choose from home and away colors as well as game, limited, and elite styles of jersey to find the perfect Cam Newton jersey for you. /rebates/2fcam-newton2fa-235855052bz-9436164-3372733790&252fcam-newton252fa-23585505252bz-9436164-337273379026tc3dbing-&idnflshop&ra6. 8/28/2023 0 Comments Ssh reverse tunnel example![]() You now have command line and full browser access. That’s about it - you should now be able to visit any site that’s in the private network. I do this using FoxyProxy & Firefox, so I can limit the domains that actually route through the proxy. This will forward your traffic back through the tunnel and to the remote server. Open your browsers settings and it to the server “localhost” on port 9999. Victim internal Port: 5600 Attacker Port to map: 4444 The command to perform Remote Port Forward SSH. Next, you’ll need to set up a SOCKS proxy. The command to perform a Reverse SSH Tunnel is below. The other half of the problem is viewing web pages of dev boxes behind the firewall - it turns out this is pretty easy once you’ve got the reverse proxy going. Ssh -R 5000:localhost:22 can now SSH to the remote box through the tunnel by typingĪll local traffic that connects to port 5000 is being forwarded via SSH through your reverse tunnel, back to port 22 on the remote machine. Mole helps you access computers and services blocked by a firewall, as long as the user has ssh access to a computer with access to the target computer or service. First, from the remote server, SSH back to yourself. Mole is a cli application to create ssh tunnels, forwarding a local port to a remote endpoint through an ssh server.Also, you’ll need direct outside access to your home machine - so you might need to configure your router to do port forwarding. When we create a tunnel, we specify an address and port on which it will answer, and an address and port to which it will be delivered. You might want to add monitoring to this to make it stable, but that’s outside the scope of this tutorial. We’re assuming you somehow have access to my. - maybe while at work or through some tool like Citrix. The 2 boxes we’ll use will be my. (also referred to as localhost) and my. ![]() We’re going to connect to the remote server using our local port 5000 - here’s how. By the end of this tutorial, we’ll be able to SSH to the remote server, as well as view any web pages that server has access to. ![]() Not a problem - just use a reverse SSH tunnel. Open command prompt (or a terminal if you’re on Linux), and log in to the server through SSH.I frequently need to get access to a machine behind a firewall to do some web development, but I don’t have a VPN available. This is required if you want to make the server listen to connections coming on ports below 1024, so-called privileged ports. Try to set up the server in such a way that you get to log in to the root account directly, preferably with an SSH key, as it’s more secure. Prepare Virtual Private Server to Tunnel ConnectionsĬreate a Virtual Private Server with your favorite provider, like DigitalOcean, Linode, Vultr, or whatever else you prefer. The most important thing is to choose a server location that is as close to you as possible to minimize network latency. Read the tutorial about Windows 10’s OpenSSH client if you’re not already familiar with it. In fact, for this tutorial you will actually use this built-in client to set up the tunnel. There’s no need to use PuTTY anymore to initiate SSH connections. UDP tunneling is possible, but with some “hacks,” which may be the topic of a future tutorial. Learn how to setup a reverse SSH tunnel by way of an easy to understand example that allows a local service to be securely accessible by a remote connection. ssh rspilocalhost -p 20000 In this case, youre not using the ssh -R option to set up a reverse tunnel youre specifying the autossh -M option instead. UDP is used by some (not all) game servers, for example Counter Strike (port 27015/UDP). autossh -M 20000 -N -i /home/rspi/.ssh/idrsa ksprox圓7. TCP is used by things such as web servers (port 80/tcp). The connection will then be tunneled back to the client host, and the client then makes a TCP connection to port 80 on localhost. Note: This only works for redirecting TCP network traffic. For example: ssh -R 8080:localhost:80 This allows anyone on the remote server to connect to TCP port 8080 on the remote server. That’s way cheaper than the monthly bill for a server with 6TB of space. You only have to pay a monthly electricity bill and less than $5/month for a virtual private server. You get the privacy of having those files on your home server, and then you can buy a 6TB hard drive to get all the space you need. Imagine you create a NextCloud server to upload/synchronize your files. The server will receive incoming connections and redirect them to your computer through what is called a “reverse SSH tunnel.” This way you can set up any kind of home server, with very small monthly costs. Now, on my Raspberry Pi at home, I created a reverse SSH tunnel to this Hetzner VM with: ssh -N -T -R 10080:localhost:80. Anything will work, even if it has less than 512MB of RAM, as all it has to do is redirect network traffic. You can bypass all of these restrictions with the help of a virtual private server. 8/28/2023 0 Comments Subchondral sclerosisLarge joint involvement is seen later in the disease. RA is more common in women and typically begins in the small joints in the hands and feet, usually with a fairly symmetrical distribution. It is recognized that both ultrasound and MRI are more sensitive than clinical assessment for identifying synovitis. The diagnosis of RA is based on clinical findings, along with laboratory assessment (inflammatory and immunological markers) and radiological assessment. Joint damage, including cartilage loss and osseous erosion, is thought to be mediated through synovitis there is strong evidence that synovitis is a predictor of future joint structural damage. This has led to an increased role for advanced imaging modalities such as MRI and ultrasound, both for earlier diagnosis and for monitoring the response to treatment. To achieve such remission, DMARDs need to be introduced early in the treatment pathway before structural joint damage occurs. These can induce remission and prevent the severe joint destruction that was commonly seen prior to their introduction. This autoimmune condition is mediated through inflammatory pathways, and its treatment has changed greatly in recent years with the advent of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) based on biologic therapies. Extra-articular inflammation, including tenosynovitis, soft tissue (rheumatoid) nodules, and multisystem involvement outside the musculoskeletal system (such as rheumatoid lung disease) may also be seen. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an example of an inflammatory arthritis associated with joint inflammation characterized by synovitis. Erosive OA primarily occurs in postmenopausal women. There may be clues to the inflammatory nature of the disease from the clinical assessment, but the diagnosis of erosive OA is based on the imaging findings. While large joint disease may rarely be seen with this form of OA, it typical affects only the distal and proximal interphalangeal joints of the hands. It is important to realize that OA can co-exist with other forms of joint disease.Įrosive OA represents a subset of OA characterized by prominent inflammatory features including destructive joint changes in the form of osseous erosions. A wide variety of causes are recognized, but the radiological features at any joint may be identical to those of primary generalized OA (Table 11.1). In contrast, secondary OA describes cases where an underlying cause exists. It most typically affects the hands, thumb bases, hips, knees, and first metatarsophalangeal joints in the feet. This is more common in women and carries a genetic predisposition. The term primary generalized OA refers to OA when it occurs without an apparent underlying cause. However, OA has a complex etiology with multiple factors playing a part including genetics, race and ethnicity, obesity, age, and gender. This may come about through trauma to bones or ligaments or through altered ability of the tissues of the joint to transmit forces, for instance, alterations in the composition of cartilage in ochronosis or ligaments in some collagen disorders. The disease can be considered to arise primarily from a failure of the normal transmission of forces across a joint. Despite being so common, its etiology is still poorly understood and the subject of considerable research, much of it involving imaging studies. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common arthritis encountered and is seen in the majority of people at some stage in their lives. ![]() We will look at arthritides in three main categories: osteoarthritis, inflammatory arthritides (rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis), and crystal arthritides. KeywordsĪ wide variety of conditions affect the joints of the body, but for this chapter we will focus on the most common conditions seen and their imaging features. While cross-sectional imaging modalities have an important role to play, the conventional radiograph remains fundamental to the diagnosis of joint disease and is commonly the first imaging investigation undertaken. ![]() In cases of peripheral arthritis involving the small joints of the hands and feet, the distribution of joint disease detected on the radiograph is often as important in making the correct diagnosis as the radiographic features of the disease. The pattern of joint involvement in each case is particularly important, with consideration of the number of joints involved, whether or not the joints are affected symmetrically on both sides of the body, and which specific joints are affected. However, to accurately diagnose the underlying cause of a patient’s arthritis, consideration must be given to the clinical information available as well as to the imaging features of the disease. Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and management of joint disease. |
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